| Z.B. Tungushbaeva |
INFLUENCE OF CADMIUM AND ITS DERIVATIVES ON HUMAN
AND ANIMAL ORGANISMS |
| Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
|
In the nature cadmium is encountered in very small quantities. Therefore its
poisoning action has been revealed not so long ago. The development of mining,
metallurgical, chemical industry and also the manufacture of rocket and nuclear
technologies, polymers have led to increase of its content in the environment.
Cadmium is contained in black oil and diesel fuel (it is released by burning),
it is used as an additive to rafting, at drawing galvanic coverings, manufacturing
of cadmium pigments, enamels and ceramics, as a plastic stabilizer etc. According
to Finnish researchers, annually about 200 tons of cadmium, released into the
Baltic Sea, where 45 % are atmospheric emissions. Annually all over the world
about 5 thousand tons of cadmium is emitted into the environment due to burning
of plastic wastes. The works of a number of researchers (B.A.Nemenko, E.N.Granovsky,
N.V.Lazerov) show that cadmium is an cumulative poison and may lead to poisonings
of different degrees of severity. Cadmium exposure may result in serious diseases
of kidneys and lungs and facilitates development of cancer. It causes hypertension
and it is accumulated in kidneys and weakens the immune system. Surplus of cadmium
in the organism affects life expectancy, causes anaemia, disrupts zinc metabolism,
leads to lung diseases and reduces the quantity of T-cells in оrganism.
The general immunity decreases due to disorder of functions disorder of organ
vitally important for immune system (liver, kidneys) and reduction of T-cells
quantity. Works of some researchers (R.Lauwerys, A.Vos, H.Rocls, J.P.Bushct,
A.Bernard) are devoted to studying of cadmium influence on function of
kidneys. In a worker exposed to the actions of steam and dust of cadmium oxide
during 26 years, damage in kidney glomeruli and tubules were detected. After
breaking the exposure the worker was administered to clinical observation for
the period of 4 years. At chronic intoxications by cadmium there may develop
such pathological phenomena as subtropical catarrh of pharynx, rhinitis, shifts
from cardiovascular system, pulmonary fibrosis, anaemia, changes in human
bone system. Cadmium disrupts bone mineral metabolism that results in fragility
of bones. This disease «itay-itay» is spread in Japan, in the basin
of Dzhentsu river and it is due to pollution of water on rice fields.
The above-mentioned data of researchers testify that compounds of cadmium refer
to industrial poisons of the first class of danger with a wide spectrum
of biological action. Thus it is necessary to note that there is much information
on toxic actions of this metal and its compounds on kidneys and liver of animals.
On the basis of the present data it is obvious that there is the necessity of
the study of cadmium and its compounds action on structural-functional organization
of some organs, in particular, on a gum and submaxillary lymph nodes.
